CHAPTER TWENTY FOUR

TORTURE AND INHUMAN TREATMENT OF PALESTINIAN WOMEN

Part 5 of 5

THE UNNAMED

5 women were arrested in January 1968.

4 women intellectuals were arrested in February 1968 and given from 1 to 3 year suspended sentences. Remarks: the first time a suspended sentence was asked for by a military court.

8 women, of Nablus, were arrested in March 1968.

11 women, of Jerusalem, were arrested in April 1968.

5 secondary schoolgirls of Burj camp were arrested in May 1968. Remarks: demonstration against Israeli military parade.

4 girls, of Jerusalem, were arrested in August 1968.

3 girls, of Nablus, were arrested in September 1968.

30 schoolgirls, of Gaza, were arrested in October 1968.

1 woman, 25, of Jenin, was arrested in October 1968. Remarks: demonstration against settlement in Hebron.

1 girl, 15, of Jenin, was arrested in October 1968. Remarks: demonstration against settlement in Hebron.

7 schoolgirls, of Jenin, were arrested in November 1968. Remarks: demonstrdtion; "two of them were roughed up resisting arrest."

4 women, of Halhul, were arrested in January 1969. Remarks: security reasons.

3 girls, 16-17, of Nablus, were arrested in January 1969 and placed in administrative detention. Remarks: demonstrations.

1 girl, 18, of Tulkam, was arrested in January 1969 and sentenced to 6 weeks imprisonment plus IL 200 fine. Remarks: organized schoolgirl's demonstrations.

3 schoolgirls, 16, of Gaza, were arrested in January 1969. Remarks: threw stones at military patrol car.

3 girls were arrested in February 1969 and sentenced to 3 years, 2 years and 2 years imprisonment respectively. Remarks: links with PLO.

9 schoolgirls, of Jenin and Tulkam, were arrested in February 1969 and sentenced to one week imprisonment with 9 months suspended and fined 1L 300. Remarks: demonstration against the beating up of earlier demonstrations.

4 schoolgirls, of Ramallah, were arrested in February 1969 and fined between IL 100 and IL 500. Remarks: demonstration.

13 schoolgirls, of Ramallah, were arrested in February 1969. Remarks: demonstration and inciting shops to strike.

13 women and schoolchildren, of Khan Yunis and El Arish, were arrested in February 1969. Remarks: demonstration.

1 woman, of Jericho, was arrested in February 1969. Remarks: demonstration.

4 schoolgirls, of Gaza, were arrested in March 1969. Remarks: demonstration.

1 girl, 16, of Gaza, was arrested in March 1969. Remarks: demonstration and throwing stones at military vehicle.

3 schoolgirls, 16- 18, of Jerusalem, were arrested in April 1969. Remarks: procession to lay wreath on Tamimi's grave; released same day.

About 12 schoolgirls', of Nablus, were arrested in May 1969. Remarks: school disturbances.

1 woman, 24, of Khan Yunis, was arrested in May 1969. Remarks: suspected member of PFLP.

1 schoolgirl, 14, of Jerusalem, was arrested in May 1969. Remarks: organized schoolgirls' demonstration.

1 teacher, 30, of Ramallah, was arrested in July 1969 and sentenced to 4 years imprisonment. Remarks: possessed explosives and communications means.

1 girl, of Jerusalem, was arrested in September 1969 and sentenced to 1 1/2 years imprisonment with 1 112 years suspended. Remarks: member of resistance cell. "A number of women" were arrested in October 1969. Remarks: suspected of involvement in incidents in North Israel and the Nazareth area.

3 secondary schoolgirls, of Nablus, were arrested in 1970. Remarks: members illegal organization; acquitted in March.

3 women, of Deir al-Balah, were arrested in April 1970. Remarks: demonstration against killing of 4 commandos.

5 schoolgirls, of Nablus, were arrested in May 1970 and sentenced to from 4 to 8 months imprisonment. Remarks: weapons training.

1 girl, 16, of Hebron, was arrested in May 1970. Remarks: member illegal organization.

3 girls, of Nuseirat camp, were arrested in July 1970. Remarks: PFLP, responsible for attack on m y patrol in July and grenade that killed a soldier in March.

3 young women, of Gaza, were arrested in July 1970. Remarks: arrested with PLA major.

19 girls, of Ramallah district, were arrested in July 1970. Remarks: cooperation with illegal orgmization; arrested with 26 boys.

2 women, of Nablus, were arrested in July 1970. Remarks: disturkd the peace in military court.

80 women, of Gaza and the West Bank, were arrested in September 1970. Remarks: arrested to pressure PFLP to release hijacked passengers; about 370 men also arrested.

5 girls, of Nablus, were arrested in September 1970. Remarks: PFLP and weapons training.

4 women, of Rama, were arrested in October 1970 and sentenced to 14 days imprisonment. Remarks: Suspicion of aiding 2Fateh commandos who had infiltrated from Lebanon.

2 girls, 17 and 18, of Haifa, were arrested in February 1971. Remarks: distributed pamphlets in Galilee villages.

4 women, 21-25, of Nablus, were arrested in April 1971 and sentenced from 40 days impisonment with IL 300 fine to 8 months imprisonment and IL 500 fine. Remarks: Fateh, weapons training and distributing leaflets.

1 girl, 15, of Deir al-Balah, was arrested in July 1971 and sentenced to 6 months imprisonment. Remarks: PFLP.

1 girl, 18, of Mughazi camp, was arrested in October 1971. Remarks: arrested after grenade attack.

2 nurses, of Gaza, were arrested in November 1971. Remarks: hid commando under hospital bed.

2 women, of Majdal Krum, were arrested in November 197 1. Remarks: helped infiltrator (their relative), fed him and gave him water.

4 schoolgirls, of Deir al-Balah, were arrested in December 1971 and sentenced to 1 month imprisonment with 9 months suspended and an IL 500 bond each, Remarks: stoned policeman during demonstration and shouted slogans against occupation.

1 Bedu girl, 17, of North Israel, was arrested in May 1972. Remarks: Saiqa and obtaining intelligence for Lebanon; "name withheld because a minor" (may be Mejis).

10 teachers, of Jerusalem, were arrested in January 1973 and placed in ahinistrative detention.

3 women, of Ikrit, were arrested in July 1973. Remarks: Spent night in Ikrit village church; villagers are not allowed to live in Ikrit for "security reasons"; after second sleep-in the villagers were banned from k i t in the daytime too.

6 women, of Nablus, were arrested in December 1973. Remarks: hunger strike and incitement against deportation of 8 West Bank leaders.

11 women, 30-50, of Jerusalem, were arrested in December 1973. Remarks: demonstration.

20 secondary schoolgirls, of Jerusalem, were arrested in December 1973. Remarks: Demonstration against deportation of 8.

6 schoolgirls, 15-17, of Nablus, were arrested in December 1973. Remarks: demonstration against deportation of 8.

1 woman teacher, of Jerusalem, was arrested in February 1974, Remarks: Fateh and organized printing of pamphlets in her school.

2 girls were arrested in March 1974. Remarks; establishing Fateh cell; arrested with 9 men.

4 schoolgirls, 14 or less, of Jerusalem, were arrested in May 1974.

3 girls, 16-18, of Nablus, were arrested in June 1974. Remarks: weapons training,

3 women, of Nablus, were arrested in July 1974 and sentenced to from 6 to 12 months imprisonment. Remarks: member of cell organized during October war,

25 schoolgirls, 16- 18, of Nablus, were arrested in November 1974 and placed in adminis~ative detention.

40 high school girls, of Jerusalem, were arrested in November 1974. Remarks: throwing stones at policemen.

10 girls, 15-17? of Nablus, were arrested in January 1975 and placed in administrative detention.

University student, 24, of pre-1967 Israel, was arrested in August 1975. Remarks: ringleader of Fateh cell; another woman arrested with her.

1 woman, of Jerusalem, was arrested in October 1975. Remarks: owner booby-trapped car; fiance and 5 men also arrested.

50 schoolgirls and 3 teachers, of Jerusalem, were arrested in March 1976. Remarks: demonstration against deportation of 2 electoral candidates.

1 girl, of Jerusalem, was arrested in March 1976, Remarks: inciting protests in Haram area and assaulting police chiet 22 schoolboys also arrested.

5 schoolgirls, 15-16? of Jerusalem, were arrested in April 1976 and placed in administrative detention. Remarks: demonstration.

1 woman, 20, of Haifa, was arrested in November 1976. Remarks: involved in Jerusalem explosion.

3 girls, of the West Bank, were arrested in December 1976. Remarks: demonstration.

4 schoolgirls, of Jerusalem, were arrested in February 1977. Remarks: demonstration against Israelis praying in Harm.

6 secondary teachers, of al-Bireh, were arrested in February 1977. Remarks: demonstration against Israelis praying in Harm.

15 secondary schoolgirls, of al-Bireh, were arrested in February 1977. Remarks: demonstration against Israelis praying in Harm.

5 girls, of the West Bank, were arrested in March 1978 and placed in administrative detention. Remarks: students at teachers' training college; still in prison July 1978.

6 students, of Bir Zeit, were arrested in April 1978 and sentenced to 3 months imprisonment and fined IL 8,000. Remarks: demonstration.

1 woman was arrested in August 1978. Remarks: member Fateh cell, placed bombs in Jerusalem.

1 woman, of Majdal Krum, was arrested in August 1978 and sentenced to 15 days imprisonment. Remarks: sang Palestinian songs at wedding and applauded when others sang; 9 men also arrested.

"A number of women" were arrested in September 1978 and were imprisoned for two days. Remarks: arrested for questioning after bomb exploded in Jerusalem.

1 woman, 42, of Lebanon, was arrested in May 1979. Remarks: arrested in Paris on suspicion of attempt to smuggle explosives into Israel.

2 schoolgirls, 14 and 16, of Bethlehem area, were arrested in May 1979 and fined IL 5,000 and 7,000 respectively. Remarks: throwing stones during demonstration; their fathers threatened with jail if fines not paid.

12 girls: 1 from Jerusalem, 2 from Ramallah, 9 from Nablus, were arrested in May 1979. Remarks: members illegal organizations and suspected involvement in Jerusalem and Natanya explosions.

Two high school girls, 14 and 16, of Bethlehem district, were arrested in May 1979 and fined IL 5,000 and 7,000 respectively. Remarks: threw stones during pro-PLO demonstration; told their fathers would be jailed if the fine were not paid.

A Frenchwoman, 31, was arrested in May 1979. Remarks: suspected of Fateh membership, lived in Jerusalem.

2 girls, of Nablus, were arrested in June 1979. Remarks: demonstration against Elon Moreh settlement.

1 woman, 20, was arrested in June 1979. Remarks: member of group that carried out several operations (perhaps Viola Saadeh).

Torture and Inhuman Treatment of Palestinian Women 669 2 girls, of Nablus, were arrested in June 1979. Remarks: demonstration against Elon Moreh settlement.

A number of women were arrested in September 1979 and imprisoned for two days. Remarks: arrested in Jerusalem for interrogation after an explosion.

EXPULSION OF PALESTINIAN WOMEN FROM THE WEST BANK AND GAZA

In 1968 the Israelis began to expel Palestinian women from the West Bank and Gaza on the grounds that they were active in the resistance movement against the occupation. Deportations were made on allegations only by an Order of the Military Governor, without any proper investigation or trial. The deportation of women to Jordan or to Lebanon separated the married women from their husbands and children, and the single women from their parents and families.

Deportation of civilians is a war crime for which many of the Nazi war criminals were tried and convicted. The Zionists use the same illegal methods and procedures and show the same inhuman disregard for the suffering of women, children, and the aged.

The following is a list of women deported from 1968 to 1983.

DEPORTATION OF PALESTINIAN WOMEN BY THE OCCUPATION AUTHORITIES

Nawal Ramzi Al-Tamimi, 30, of Nablus, was deported on November 25,1968.

Huda Subhi Abdulhadi, 32, of Nablus, was deported on November 25, 1968.

Haji Tawadad Abdulhadi, 50, of Jenin, was deported on January 22, 1968.

Fatmeh Mohamed Khalil, of Gaza, was deported on July 9, 1968.

Samah Suliman Hassan, of Ramalla, was deported on July 29, 1968.

Zinab Hassan Solyman, of Qalquelia, was deported on September 10, 1968.

Jamileh Mohamed Hassan, of Qalquelia, was deported on September 10, 1968.

Siham Ibrahim Hassan Abu Salameh, of Jericho, was arrested on September 9, 1968.

Aisheh Moussa Khalil, of Jericho, was deported on June 6, 1968.

Fatmeh Issa Al-Dardes, of Jericho, was deported on June 6, 1968.

Abla Shafiq Taha, 20, of Jerusalem, was deported on February 6, 1968.

Issam Abdulhadi, 45, of Nablus, was deported on April 27, 1968.

Bushra Ibrahim Al-Adham, was deported on September 29, 1969.

Fayha'a Abulhadi, of Nablus, was deported on April 27, 1969.

Nayfeh Qahwaji, of Haifa, was deported in 1969.

Arnneh Hamdan, of Khan Yunis, was deported on May 2, 1969.

Subhyeh Mohamed, of Khan Yunis, was deported on May 2, 1969.

Mariam Mohamad Ilyan, of Gaza, was deported on July 2, 1969.

Fatmeh Mahmud Abu Mussa (with 5 children), of Khan Yunis, was deported on August 20, 1969.

Najib Mustafa Ahmad, of Jenin, was deported on August 26, 1969.

Mrs. Najib Mustafa Ahmad (with 7 children), of Jenin, was deported on August 26,1969.

Nuha Khalil Odeh, of Jerusalem, was deported on April 13, 1969.

Sawsan Salah Nablus, of Nablus, was deported in 1969.

Sahab Husni Shaheen, 34, of Nablus, was deported on September 29, 1969.

Siham Al-Wazni, of Nablus, was deported on July 29, 1970.

Safeyeh Abdul-Latif, of Ramalla, was deported on March 20, 1969.

Yusrah Darwish Al-Barghoutti, of El-Bireh, was deported on April 1. 1969.

Fariedeh Khalil Sulyman, of Beit Sahur, was deported on March 5,1969.

Rima Izzat Sharif Kana'ni, of Tulkarm was deported on October 14, 1969.

Ruhyah Othman Al-Qawasmi (with 2 children), of Hebron, was deported on August 29,1969.

Sadiqah Husni Hassan, of Jenin, was deported on October 12, 1969.

Fayzeh Ahmad Mohamad, of Gaza, was deported on April 20, 1970.

Novan Sharab, of Gaza, was deported on April 20, 1970.

Nermin Sharab, of Gaza, was deported on April 20,1970.

Aysheh Sharab, of Gaza, was deported on April 20,1970.

Shafiqa Husseini, of Tulkarm, was deported on April 16, 1969.

Zahiyeh Al-Sharif, of Tulkarm was deported on April 16, 1969.

Thuryah Rabuh Sulyman was deportedon August 3,1970.

Hanan Mohamad Hamdan, of Gaza, was deported on March 10, 1971.

Khadejeh Abdalla Jredaat, of Gaza, was deported on March 10, 1971.

Samira Mahmoud Hmdan, of Gaza, was deported on March 10, 1971.

Na'emeh Mahmoud Hamdan, of Gaza, was deported on March 10, 1971.

Halla Hanna Attallah, of Ramalla, was deported March 18, 1971.

Wanas Abdulaziz Qaryout, of Nablus, was deported on February 24, 1971.

Randah Al-Nabulsi, 21, of Nablus, was deported on August 31, 1971.

Hanan Attib Abu Ayash, of Beit Ommar, was deported on April 5, 1972.

Ne'meh Rattib Abu-Ayash, of Beit Omar, was deported on April 5,1972.

Widad Aswad, of Gaza, was deported in 1974.

Lattifeh Al Hawari, of Al-Eireh, was deported in 1975,

Fatmeh Bernawi, of Jerusalem, was deported in 1977.

Hallah Al-Tahir, 30, of Nablus, was deported in 1978.

Samar Marmash, of Nablus, was deported in 1983.

Fatmeh Al-Halabi, of Gaza, was deported in 1978.

Afifeh Bannourah, of Beit Sahur, was deported in prisoner exchange on March 14, 1979.

Aidah Sa'd, of Gaza, was deported in prisoner exchange on March 14, 1979.

Rasmeyeh Odeh, of Jerusalem, was deported in prisoner exchange on March 14,1979.

Aysheh Odeh, of Taybeh, was deported in prisoner exchange on March 14, 1979.

Alyah Abu-Dayeh Qayssyeh, of Dhahriyeh, was deported in prisoner exchange on March 14, 1979.

Rima Tanous, of Loci, was deported in prisoner exchange on March 14.1979.

Terraz Halasseh, of Acre, was deported in prisoner exchange on October 24,1983.

Nadia Khayat, of Al-Bireh, was deported in prisoner exchange on October 24, 1983.

Ettaf Yusef, of Ramalla, was deported in prisoner exchange on October 24,1983.

Hanan Amseih, of Ramalla, was deported in prisoner exchange on October 24, 1983.

Zakieh Shamout, of Nazareth, was deported in prisoner exchange on October 24,1983.

A SUSPECTED CASE OF POISON

On March 20, 1983 thirty four schoolgirls and teachers in the Girls' School in Arrabah Village in the Sub-District of Jenin fell victim to painful headaches and started to vomit uncontrollably. The majority of them fainted. They were immediately taken to a hospital in Jenin.

On March 23, 1983 eighteen schoolgirls and two teachers and a woman who was near the school had the same symptoms and all were taken to the hospital.

On March 25, 1983 sixty six schoolgirls and teachers were affected with the same symptoms in the High School for girls in Jenin. They were immediately taken to six hospitals in different Sub-Districts. On March 26, 1983 four hundred and eighty schoolgirls and teachers from the High School and Elementary School for Girls in Jenin and in the Girls Schools in the villages of Burqin and Mylson, in the Sub-District of Jenin, were afflicted with the same symptoms and were sent to different hospitals all over the West Bank. On March 28, 1983 three hundred and seventy five individuals in the eastern part of Jenin were also carded to hospitals after being afflicted with the same symptoms. On April 1,1983 eleven schoolgirls from the villages of Burqin and Aarnin from Jenin Sub-District and three schoolgirls from a school, Deir Sharaf of Nablus Sub-District, suffered the same symptoms.

On April 3, 1983 one hundred and thirty schoolgirls from the High School for Girls from the village of Yatta in the Hebron Sub-District suffered the same symptoms of poisoning and were sent to the hospital. Also on April 3 four hundred schoolgirls of the city of Tulkarm and the village Anabta suffered the same symptoms.

All in all, between March 20 and April 3, 1983, 1,380 Palestinian schoolgirls and teachers suffered from identical symptoms of severe sickness. Poisoning was believed to be the cause.

Arab Delegations in the United Nations submitted the matter to the Security Council in the United Nations.

On 4 April 1983, the following statement was issued by the President of the UN Security Council (S/15680):

The members of the Security Council have met in informal consultations with great concern on 4 April, 1983 to discuss cases of mass poisoning in the occupied Arab territory of the West Bank as referred to in document S/15673.

The members of the Security Council request the Secretary-General to conduct independent inquiries conceming the causes and effects of the serious problem of the reported cases of poisoning and urgently to report on the findings.

Immediately after the issuance of this statement, the Secretary-General, who had already been in touch on this matter with Dr. Halfdan Mahler, Director-General of the World Health Organization (WHO), contacted him again and requested that an independent inquiry be conducted by WHO in pursuance of the wishes of the Security Council. Dr. Mahler agreed to do so.

On 10 May the Secretary-General received Dr. Mahler's report on this subject which is transmitted herewith to the Security Council; the report included the following infonnation.

From the last week of March 1983, the news media reported the occurrence of ill-defined illnesses among the Palestinian population of the West Bank, mostly among schoolgirls. A number of media releases ascribed these illnesses to 'mass poisoning."

During the latter part of March and early April, several Member States of WHO and the Secretary-General of the United Nations separately requested the Organization to assess the situation on the West Bank. At the same time. fulfilling its responsibility as the directing and co-ordinating authority on international health work, WHO was already initiating action. WHO'S initiative coincided with informal consultations of the Secretary-General of the United Nations with members of the United Nations Security Council on the same subject, which resulted in members of the Security Council requesting the Secretary-General "to conduct independent inquiries concerning the causes and effects of the serious problem of the reported cases of poisoning ...." The WHO action therefore constituted the independent inquiry which several Member States had requested of WHO and that members of the Security Council had requested of the Secretary-General.

The Special Committee of Experts established by the Twenty-Sixth World Health Assembly in 1973 to study the health conditions of the Arab population in the occupied Arab territories, including Palestine, included this health emergency among the factors affecting the health situation that it considered during its visit from 6 to 14 April 1983. The observations of the Special Committee are recorded in its report to the Thirty-sixth World Health Assembly (document A36/14):

"Clinical Manifestations: Most of the cases had one or more of the following signs and symptoms: headache, dizziness, cyanosis of the extremities, myoriasis, myalgia, abdominal pain, vertigo or ataxia, tremors or twitches, nausea and vomiting, tachycardia, and general weakness. No fever was noted. The stay in hospital was usually between 4 and 5 days. A large proportion of patients experienced a recurrence of signs or symptoms.

"Epidemiological Observations: The epidemiology of the episode in the first school was analysed in particular detail. The incidence rate by classroom showed a clustering in a few classrooms. The onset was marked by the occurrence of a few cases in the first hour of entry into class, of still fewer cases during the second hour, and of the majority of cases during the third hour. Cases among students and among adults connected with the school continued tooccur after the closure of the school.

"Environmental Investigations: Sanitary facilities at all the other schools where outbreaks had occurred, and at nine schools from which no outbreaks had been reported, were carefully inspected. No features were found that would suggest that the sanitary conditions in the schools where outbreaks had occurred were significantly different from those in the other schools."

From the World Health Organization Report one can conclude that the signs and symptoms of those afflicted indicate that the outbreak was a genuine physiological problem and not a psychological phenomenon. The epidemiology indicates that the outbreaks could have been caused by the introduction of a biochemical agent inducing poisoning. The investigation of the sanitary facilities at all locations of the outbreaks found nothing to suggest that sanitary conditions might have caused the epidemic.

Because Zionist extremists in the past have attempted biochemical warfare against Palestinians by poisoning wells, one can conclude that there is strong evidence that the outbreak may have been caused by a Zionist biochemical warfare experiment or by the introduction of poison by Zionist settler extremists.

PALESTINIAN WOMEN DURING THE INTIFADA

With the outbreak of the Intifada in December, 1987 encompassing the entire Palestinian population of the West Bank and Gaza, the degradation of womanhood by the Israelis has plunged to new depths. The tortures recounted in this chapter have been duplicated en rnasse on thousands of Palestinian women detainees of all ages. By November 1988, out of the 414 Palestinians killed by the Israelis, 54 were females, constituting 14% of the total persons murdered. Out of the 276 Palestinians who were shot and injured there were 20 females, constituting 7% of that number. Out of the 36 Palestinians who were beaten to death, 3 were females, constituting 8% of that number. 65 Palestinians were killed by Israeli tear gas, of whom 26 were females, constituting 40% of the total. In addition there have been a large number of abortions caused by the Israeli tear gas. (17)

NOTES TO CHAPTER TWENTY FOUR

I. Law Reports of Trials of War Criminals, Selected and Preapared by the United Nations War Crimes Commission, (London: H. M. Stationery Office, 1949), volume 15, p. 101.

2. Article 27 of the Fourth Geneva Convention for the Protection of Civilian Persons.

3. Martin Gilbert, The Holocaust: A History of the Jews of Europe during the Second World War (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1985). p. 722.

4. Soraya Antonius, "Prisoners for Palestine: A List of Women Political Prisoners," Journal of Palestine Studies, Spring 1980, pp. 29-80.

5. "Kollek's Illogical Logic," Al-Fajr, January 30, 1987, p. 5.

6. Jerusalem Post, November 14, 1975.

7. Israeli Bar Association representative to the Knesset Law Committee, January 11, 1978. He was worried about this policy leading to increased criminal activity, since the police were otherwise occupied; and that eventually Jewish citizens might come to be arrested, too.

8. Eytan Grosfeld and Dr. Israel Shahak, "Report on the Oppression in Ramallah and al-Bireh, March 1977," The Colonization of the West Bank Territories by Israel. U.S. Senate hearings, October 17 and 18, 1977 (Washington, 1978).

9. Sylvia Adiv, "Political Prisoners in the Infernal Jails," Haolam Hazeh, May 14, 1975, quoted in Treatment of Palestinians in lsraeli- Occupied West Bank and Gaza, Report of the National Lawyers Guild Middle East Delegation (New York, 1978).

10. Siba Fahoum. ed., Palestinian Political Women Prisoners and Detainees in Israeli Prisons (Women's International League for Peace and Freedom, Lebanese section (Beirut: 1975), and the Palestine Red Crescent Society.

11. The Times, London, February 10, 1977

12. Violations of Human Rights in the West Bank: Report by a Swiss League for Human Rights Observation Mission, June 26- July 2, 1977 (U.S. Senate hearings, October 17 and 18, 1977).

13. "...the definition of 'membership' (in a resistance organization) used by the Israeli authorities is potentially so broad that they may define as criminal those acts which, under Article I (a) of Amnesty International's Statute, are clearly acts of conscience," Amnesty International, Annual Report (London, 1978), p. 261.

14. Lebanese Association for Information on Palestine and Institute for Palestine Studies, Arabs Under Israeli Occupation (Beirut: 1974), p. 18.

15. "The land before our women's honor."

16. For details of his death in detention, see Malise Ruthven's report on torture in the Guardian, July 16, 1970.

17. DataBase Project on Palestinian Human Rights, October 31, 1988 Update (Chicago: 1988), p. 13.