From FAIR (www.fair.org)
ACTION ALERT:
How Many Dead? Major networks aren't counting
December 12, 2001
How many civilians have been killed in Afghanistan since the start of
U.S.-led bombing on October 7? Journalists and aid workers have
limited access to the area, so it's an admittedly difficult question
to answer. But many U.S. media outlets don't seem to be trying very
hard.
None of the three major networks' nightly newscasts are offering even
rough tallies of the mounting civilian casualties in Afghanistan. ABC
World News Tonight, however, has followed the story somewhat more
seriously than either the CBS Evening News or NBC Nightly News, which
both regularly frame discussion of civilian deaths in terms of their
value in the "propaganda war." Questions about the legality of those
U.S. targeting decisions that led to strikes on civilians were rarely
raised on any network.
It may be some time before a full accounting is possible, but relief
agencies and a few noteworthy news stories do provide information
about the scale of the devastation. As a "conservative" estimate,
Doctors Without Borders has stated that civilian casualties are
already in the hundreds and rising (NPR, 12/6/01). On the high end, a
compilation of international press reports by a University of New
Hampshire professor suggests there may be over 3,500 civilian deaths
(http://www.cursor.org/stories/civilian_deaths.htm).
Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch have voiced strong
concern about the loss of civilian life, and have both independently
called for a moratorium on the use of cluster bombs. Though it was not
widely reported in the U.S. press-- and not at all on ABC, CBS or
NBC-- Amnesty has also demanded "an immediate and full investigation
into what may have been violations of international and humanitarian
law such as direct attacks on civilian objects or indiscriminate
attacks" by the U.S. military (press release, 10/26/01).
Some in the U.S. media, however, have suggested that Afghans don't
mind being killed by U.S. bombs. "It turns out many of those Afghan
'civilians' were praying for another dose of B- 52's to liberate them
from the Taliban, casualties or not" wrote foreign affairs commentator
Thomas Friedman (New York Times, 11/23/01).
Even some of the more extensive U.S. reporting on civilian
casualties-- which came last week, after U.S. bombing near Tora Bora
destroyed two villages and killed over 100 civilians-- seemed
surprised at Afghans' negative response. CBS's Randall Pinkston
reported that "at least 100 people" had been killed, but claimed that
until recently, "many Afghans" were "raising few objections to
civilians accidentally killed in U.S. bombing attacks." He noted that
the killings had provoked criticism of American policy, and called
this "a troubling new reaction" (CBS Evening News, 12/1/01).
One forthright story on the killings near Tora Bora, by NBC
correspondent Mike Taibbi (12/3/01), stood in marked contrast not only
to the general trend in reporting on other networks, but to NBC's
previous coverage of civilian casualties as well. Taibbi investigated
the destroyed villages in person, juxtaposing his findings-- which
included a fragment of U.S. missile, serial number intact-- with the
Pentagon's claim that it was unlikely the incident had occurred.
Unfortunately, this kind of independent approach was the exception
rather than the rule on the nightly news shows. Claims that Afghan
civilians had been killed were often reported as unsubstantial,
utterly unverifiable salvos in the so-called "propaganda war." One
report by CBS's David Martin (10/23/01) claimed that the Taliban's
"chief weapon seems to be pictures they say are innocent civilians
killed or injured by the bombing." Martin went on to say that the
Pentagon admits to "a few instances of bombs hitting civilians," but
made no mention of any estimates, from the Pentagon or elsewhere, of
the actual number of people killed.
This pattern was repeated several times on the CBS Evening News. A
November 6 CBS report stated that George Bush had "opened a new public
relations front in the war on terrorism" because "claims of heavy
civilian casualties have provoked howls of protest" in Muslim
countries. No mention was made of whether such claims were factual,
or, as the belittling "howl" might suggest, merely a PR ploy. The next
day, CBS again returned to the Taliban "propaganda machine," with
David Martin reporting that "usually it airs claims of civilian
casualties by American bombing." Again, no mention was made of
whether, where or how many civilians had actually been killed.
A few weeks earlier (10/18/01), Martin filed a report showing images
of dead civilians, but included no information about the people--
except that they were complicating the U.S. anti-terrorism campaign.
Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld "says the determination to avoid
scenes like these of
civilians apparently killed by American bombs makes the terrorist hunt
more difficult," reported Martin.
NBC Nightly News also tended to present reports of the U.S. military
killing civilians as primarily a propaganda issue. In a report
(11/4/01) about America's battle "to protect its image as a
compassionate nation," NBC correspondent Dan Lothian gave a thumbnail
sketch of "the war on terrorism as reported in the Arab world." With
no apparent sense of irony, Lothian catalogued the Arab media's
propaganda: "Daily doses of news concerning civilian casualties in
Afghanistan. Graphic pictures below front page headlines. Compelling
stories on cable TV, as well." Daily news, graphic pictures and
compelling stories-- a threatening arsenal indeed.
"The first casualties of this war were thousands of American
civilians," said Lothian in his wrap-up. "Now, as the Taliban is
targeted for protecting the terrorists of Al-Qaeda, the U.S. is also
fighting a public relations war." It's a difficult passage to parse,
but the meaning seems to be that first, American civilians were
attacked by terrorists, and now, the United States' image is being
attacked with equal mercilessness.
NBC's most persistent advocate of the propaganda perspective, however,
was Pentagon correspondent Jim Miklaszewski, who several times
portrayed reports of Afghan civilian casualties as an assault on the
U.S. Despite the U.S. military's "overwhelming firepower," reported
Miklaszewski (10/15/01), "the Pentagon is on the defensive today."
Why? Because "the Taliban took foreign journalists on a guided tour of
the village of Karam, where they claim US bombs killed 200 civilians."
Later, the Pentagon was still "fighting the propaganda war" by
"denying Taliban claims that American bombs have killed more than
1,000 innocent civilians" (10/24/01). The report did not investigate
what a more accurate figure might be, or whether any civilians had
been killed at all.
A few days later (10/29/01), Miklaszewski again had the Pentagon "on
the defensive" against "charges that American bombs are killing
hundreds of civilians," noting that "Rumsfeld says the ultimate blame
lies with those who started the war." Despite Rumsfeld's implicit
acknowledgement that some civilians-- perhaps hundreds-- had been
killed, NBC again failed to ask how many, where or why.
In comparison to CBS and NBC's poor performances, ABC World News
Tonight did somewhat better at reporting specific numbers and
locations of instances when U.S. bombs hit civilians. Reporter David
Wright devoted attention to civilian casualties as an issue in their
own right, noting, for example, that "even when the target's the front
line, the trouble is, people live here" (10/28/01). ABC has not,
however, focused on the important questions raised by groups like
Amnesty International about the legality of U.S. strikes.
When media portray reports of civilian casualties as an attack on
America, it's hardly surprising that serious reporting on the issue is
scarce. It is crucial that news outlets independently investigate
civilian casualties in Afghanistan-- not only many there have been,
but how and why they happened.
ACTION: Please ask the three major networks' nightly news shows to
investigate how many civilians have been killed in Afghanistan as a
result of U.S. military action, and to examine the legality of those
attacks.
CONTACT:
ABC World News Tonight with Peter Jennings
Phone: 212-456-4040
Fax: 212-456-2795
netaudr@abc.com
CBS Evening News with Dan Rather
Phone: 212-975-3691
Fax: 212-975-1893
audsvcs@cbs.com
NBC Nightly News with Tom Brokaw
Phone: 212-664-4971
Fax: 202-362-2009
nightly@msnbc.com
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correspondence.
